| Additive Summary | Fumaric Acid (E297) |
|---|---|
| Essence | Fumaric Acid or E297 is an organic acid (dicarboxylic acid) naturally found in all kinds of fruits and vegetables which is commonly used as an acidity regulator and flavoring agent. It’s in many ways very similar to Malic Acid (E296) and Citric Acid (E330) but is sourer by taste (which is also very fruit-like). It’s also basically the ingredient that many other acids are created out of such as L-Malic Acid and L-Aspartic Acid. It can also be found in every living cell. |
| Names | Boletic Acid, Lichenic Acid, Trans-Butenedioic Acid, INS 297, Butene Dioic Acid, Tumaric Acid, Allo-Malenic Acid, Allo Maleic Acid, E297, Fumaric Acid, and others. |
| Sourcing | Commercially, it is typically created from sugar or glucose. Additionally, it can also be made by chemical synthesis. |
| Manufacturing | One way to create it is by fermentation of glucose or sugar which is done by fungi of the Rhizopus species. Another way to do it is by isomerization of Maleic Acid (maleic anhydride hydrolysis). |
| Application | Acidity regulator (natural, slightly water-soluble), flavoring, color stabilizing, preservative, and antioxidant. |
| Acceptable Daily Intake | None determined. |
| Side Effects | None. In theory, it can cause kidney problems but that is only possible when used in ridiculously high amounts (typically, as medicine in long-term use). In extreme doses, gastrointestinal distress can also happen. |
| Benefits | It can help battle various skin disorders and conditions. It can aid energy production. |
| Studies | 2,000+ studies on Pubmed. 130+ studies on safety. |
| Allergens | None. |
| Diet Restrictions | None. |
| Health Knight Assessment | Only Beneficial. | Category 0 Additive. |
| Products | It is naturally found in watermelons, papayas, apples, plums, pears, legumes, seaweed, green and yellow vegetables, aloe vera, bolete mushrooms, lichen, fumitory (Fumaria officinalis), Fumaric Acid is used in processed foods such as soft drinks, cakes, chips, puddings, spreads, pastries, beef products, soups, bread, salads, broths, dairy drinks, cheese, desserts, sherbets, custard, sorbets, yogurts, beers, spirits, wines, ciders, vinegar, sauces, muffins, mustard, tortillas, jelly beans, wraps, crisps, gummy candy, jellies, gummy bears, fruit juices, tacos, cupcakes, sandwiches, pizzas, fillings, chewy candy, and others. |
